Javier Clemente Martinez
Potosi Mines (Since 1545) (2020)
Javier Clemente Martinez is a freelance photographer whose work focuses on social and humanitarian issues, the conservation of culture, and the environment.
"The mountains also cry”
The Mines of Potosí were and still remain an important mining center located in the Cerro Rico de Potosí, a mountain in present-day Bolivia. Over 4,000m high and laced with miles of tunnels, the silver excavated there by indigenous slaves began in the 16th century and contributed to the wealth of the Spanish Empire and all of Europe during the colonisation of the Americas. The city of Potosí still lives in the shadow of Cerro Rico and the exploitation of the mines continues to form the basis of the local economy. Two centuries after declaring independence from Spain, Bolivia has failed to put in place measures to protect the almost 15,000 workers, including children, who continue to lose their lives due to the very hard conditions.
At 80m below ground level, the workers experience temperatures of 40°C and the air is a lethal combination of moisture, dust and particles of silver, sulfur and arsenic. Few of those who work in these painful conditions exceed 45 years of life expectancy but, even so, men descend daily into the bowels of the mountain. Many of them know of no other way to support their families.
"Women were always considered bad luck for the mine. They have been working alongside men for a long time."
The difference in remuneration, poor knowledge of mining work, danger in the underground levels (exposed to a series of accidents), and shared beliefs among miners that "work inside mines is not for women", causes them to feel diminished and undervalued. Thus, a majority choose to leave the shafts and engage in open-pit mining work, practically in clearing or tailings.